- Were the Black Codes another form of slavery?
- Based on Okten's statements, discuss how the sharecropping/crop lien system created a vicious cycle. Was this system simply another version of slavery? Why or why not.
- Consider the following statement: "The persistence of racism in both the North and the South lay at the heart of Reconstruction's failure." Agree or disagree, and explain your position.
Links relevant to the questions
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/civil-war-era/reconstruction/a/black-codes
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=37&page=transcript
Charles H. Otken
When all the cotton made during the year has been delivered and sold,
and the farmer comes out in debt on the 31st of December, that farmer
has taken the first step toward bankruptcy. If he is a small farmer, $25,
$50, or $75 is a heavy burden to carry. Take these cases: Hezekiah
Drawbridge owes $25 at the close of the year; his credit limit was $75.
Stephen Goff owes $50; his credit limit ws $150. Buff Tafton owes $75;
his credit limit was $250. The year during which these debts were made
was fairly good, the purchases were moderate, there was no sickness in
these families. The following year similar credit arrangements are made,
and they purchase the full amount agreed upon between them and their
merchants. From some unaccountable or accountable cause, the crop is a
little worse, or the price of cotton is a little less. The winding up of the
second year's farm operations finds Drawbridge, Goff, and Tafton with
the following debts confronting them, respectively: $65, $115, $155.
The outlook is blue for these farmers, and they feel blue. Thus, or nearly
thus, this system operates in thousands of cases. Each year the plunge
into debt is deeper; each year the burden is heavier. The struggle is woe-
begone. Cares are many, smiles are few, and the comforts of life are
scantier. This is the bitter fruit of a method of doing business which
comes to the farmer in the guise of friendship, but rules him with
despotic power. To a large class of men, the inscription printed in large,
bold characters over the door of the credit system is: "The man who
enters here leaves hope behind," and it tells a sad and sorrowful history.
Anxious days, sleepless nights, deep wrinkles, gray hairs, wan faces,
cheerless old age, and perhaps abject poverty make up, in part, the
melancholy story.
Charles H. Otken, The Ills of the South or Related Causes Hostile to the
General Prosperity of the Southern People (New York: Putnam, 1894).
