QUANTITATIVE ARTICLE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS
Overview
Understanding the differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research is vital to further
dissecting and digesting the volumes of literature in this course. Quantitative Research Methods
employs a great deal of gathering, organizing, assessing, and presenting numerical data. Since
much of the professional research published in the Sport Profession is quantitively-oriented, it is
vital to discern and apply this sort of research in your review. The best way to comprehend
quantitative research methods is to study it intimately while dissecting and re-presenting a
pristine summary of a single statistically-packed quantitative research study. Learn the intricacies
of a major published research project regarding your topic from Abstract through References
writing a thorough analysis of one.
Instructions
Choose 1 quantitative article related to your Literature Review or Alternative Assignment and
compose a 2-page review of it. Your review must include 2 sections after a proper Title Page: (1)
a summary of the article and (2) a critical analysis of the article.
Your summary must include:
• The purpose of the study
• Description of participants/sample
• The research design (e.g., experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, regression,
etc.)
• Method of data collection (survey, test, questionnaire, etc.)
• Statistical analysis (t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysis of covariance
(ANCOVA), chi square, Pearson product moment correlation, Spearman rho, etc.)
• Results
Your analysis must include:
• Opportunities for further research not already stated in the article
• Threats to validity or rival hypotheses not already discussed
• Other original insight or criticism
• Implications of the findings
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Annotated Bibliography: Exploring the Impact of Sports Psychology on Athletic
Performance
Micheaux Hollingsworth
Liberty University
Jeffery Briggs
SMGT 520
July 14, 2024
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Annotated Bibliography: Exploring the Impact of Sports Psychology on Athletic
Performance
1. Josefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., Gustafsson, H., Stenling, A., Lindwall, M., Tornberg, R., &
Böröy, J. (2019). Effects of mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) on sport-
specific dispositional mindfulness, emotion regulation, and self-rated athletic
performance in a multiple-sport population: an RCT study. Mindfulness, 10, 1518-1529.
The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to assess if Mindful Sport Performance
Enhancement (MSPE) is beneficial to collegiate athletes. Participants were 52 NCAA Division
III student athletes who underwent six MSPE sessions incorporating mindfulness and non-
judgmental acceptance. In addition, improvement in flow, trait mindfulness, life satisfaction, and
self-rated sport performance was significantly higher in the treatment group compared to the
control group. Therefore, the findings suggest that MSPE may potentially be used as a way to
enhance psychological wellbeing and athletic performance. Therefore, the results of this study
offer support to the application of MBIs in sports in supporting the psychological health and
performance of athletes.
2. Wilson, D., Bennett, E. V., Mosewich, A. D., Faulkner, G. E., & Crocker, P. R. (2019).
“The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-
compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40,
61-70.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the level of mental toughness
and self-compassion in elite Canadian female athletes. Using thematic analysis of the interviews,
this study found that mental toughness and self-compassion are the two crucial variables for
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managing adversity in sport. Mental toughness was seen as an element in the realms of
endurance and competition preparation, whereas self-compassion provided maintenance for a
well-balanced and mindful attitude. It is suggested by the study that a combination of self-
compassion with mental toughness may result in developing a healthy mindset, very crucial in
sports. As a contribution to sports psychology, this paper goes a step further to identify the
importance of self-compassion and mental toughness.
3. Glass, C. R., Spears, C. A., Perskaudas, R., & Kaufman, K. A. (2019). Mindful sport
performance enhancement: Randomized controlled trial of a mental training program
with collegiate athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(4), 609-628.
The purpose of the randomized controlled trial is to determine whether Mindful Sport
Performance Enhancement (MSPE) works for college athletes. Fifty-two NCAA Division III
student-athletes received six sessions of MSPE grounded in mindfulness and nonjudging
acceptance. At the same time, the treatment group showed a significantly greater improvement in
flow, trait mindfulness, life satisfaction, and self-rated sport performance than the control group.
Thus, the findings are stacked toward the plausibility of MSPE in psychological health
improvement and sporting achievement. On these grounds, the study presents evidence of the
application of MBIs in sports to help athletes achieve both psychological well-being and
optimum performance.
4. Walter, N., Nikoleizig, L., & Alfermann, D. (2019). Effects of self-talk training on
competitive anxiety, self-efficacy, volitional skills, and performance: An intervention
study with junior sub-elite athletes. Sports, 7(6), 148.
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This intervention study focuses on the effects of self-talk (ST) training on competitive anxiety,
self-efficacy, volitional skills, and performance in junior sub-elite athletes. This study recruited
117 athletes and divided them into the short-term ST group, the long-term ST group, and the
control group. The findings showed that ST training was useful for decreasing somatic anxiety
and for increasing self-confidence, self-efficacy, and performance, particularly when participants
underwent long-term training. In doing so, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of ST
interventions in enhancing young athletes’ psychological conditions and performance and gives
concrete suggestions for coaches and sport psychologists.
5. Pang, H., Li, W., Pu, K., & Huang, Z. (2020). Research on the Main Psychological
Factors influencing basketball players' Athletic performance: the importance of
psychological Quality. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 29(5), 491.
The study in question examines psychological characteristics affecting basketball players
especially focusing on psychological quality. The research establishes personality, stress, and
psychological capital (PsyCap) as factors that define success in sport. In the quantitative research
method, questionnaires were administered to 100 basketball players to determine the relationship
between the components of PsyCap and performance including self-efficacy, hope, optimism and
resilience. It was established that PsyCap enhances performance and it is recommended that
psychological training should be offered to athletes. In conclusion, this paper offers a better
understanding of psychological aspects of sports and the need to nurture athletes’ mental
abilities.
6. Lochbaum, M., Stoner, E., Hefner, T., Cooper, S., Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2022).
Sport psychology and performance meta-analyses: A systematic review of the literature.
PloS One, 17(2), e0263408.
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This systematic review integrates 30 meta analyses on the effect of sport psychology intervention
on sporting performance. It touches on different psychological aspects including cohesiveness,
self-confidence, and attentiveness suggesting moderate positive impact on performance (Hedge’s
d = 0. 51). Maladaptive constructs such as cognitive anxiety and depression had a modest
negative impact (d = -. 21). Furthermore, the review focuses on the efficiency of sport
psychology interventions in the context of performance improvement and offers a practical
reference for exercise professionals. This study is important for comprehending the effects of
psychological treatments on sports performance in general.
7. Lochbaum, M., Zanatta, T., Kirschling, D., & May, E. (2021). The Profile of Moods
States and athletic performance: A meta-analysis of published studies. European Journal
of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1).
The following meta-analysis focuses on the connection between the Profile of Mood States
(POMS) and athletic performance in 25 studies. The study emphasizes on the impact of mood
states such as tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue and confusion on the outcome of
performance. These findings suggest that TMD is valid for predicting performance, especially in
different mood conditions. The results presented in the paper prove that the reader can use the
mental health model or the iceberg profile to enhance the performance of the athletes.
8. Bulğay, C., Tingaz, E. O., Bayraktar, I., & Çetin, E. (2022). Athletic performance and
mindfulness in track and field athletes. Current Psychology, 41(7), 4482-4489.
The purpose of this research is to establish the degree of mindfulness of track and field athletes
and how it affects performance. The participants included 213 national and international athletes
who completed the Mindfulness Inventory for Sport (MIS). The results reveal that there is a
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positive relationship between mindfulness and performance, especially for national athletes and
those with higher training experience. The study also shows that mindfulness interventions can
enhance performance and call for its integration into performance training. In line with these
findings, mindfulness enhances the quality of life and performance of the athletes.
9. Lai, C. P., Hsieh, H. H., Chang, C. M., & Ni, F. T. (2020). The role of psychological
capital in athletic performance and career development of adolescent baseball players in
Taiwan. Sustainability, 12(18), 7652.
The aim of this study is to explore PsyCap in relation to athletic performance and career
progression of adolescent baseball players in Taiwan. Self-efficacy, hope, optimism and
resilience were assessed through a questionnaire on PsyCap. The above suggestions therefore
imply that higher levels of PsyCap have a positive relationship with performance and career
progression. The research therefore seeks to improve the Psychological Capital of athletes as a
way of improving the performance and the future of the athletes. Thus, this research significantly
contributes to the body of knowledge in the field of sports psychology to determine how PsyCap
influences success and career growth in sports.
10. Cook, G. M., Fletcher, D., & Carroll, C. (2021). Psychosocial functioning of Olympic
coaches and its perceived effect on athlete performance: A systematic review.
International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 278-311.
This systematic review analyses the psychosocial functioning of Olympic coaches and the
perceived impact on athletes’ performance. This review describes the moderating role of the
coaches and their attributes, context, and processes that facilitate or hinder athletes’ performance.
Coaching therefore has character elements like empathy endurance among other emotional
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qualities that improve the performance of athletes. Such findings imply that there is a need for
enhancement of education and training of the coaches so as to enhance quality in coaching. This
research is of significance to the study of the correlation between the work related psychological
health of coaches and the ability to foster athlete’s performance and quality of life.
11. Wang, Y., Lei, S. M., & Fan, J. (2023). Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on
promoting athletic performance and related factors among athletes: a systematic review
and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2038.
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of mindfulness-based
interventions (MBIs) on performance and psychological responses in athletes. The review
involved 32 RCTs, and meta-analysis results indicated increased mindfulness and mindfulness-
related psychological processes of athletes. However, none concerning the mental health
outcomes were identified in the study. This work offers empirical support for applying MBIs in
enhancing performance and well-being, which suggests that mindfulness approaches may be
useful for athletes. Yet, this study calls for the need to perform more well-done RCTs to
determine the efficacy of MBIs in sports.
12. Hut, M., Minkler, T. O., Glass, C. R., Weppner, C. H., Thomas, H. M., & Flannery, C. B.
(2023). A randomized controlled study of mindful sport performance enhancement and
psychological skills training with collegiate track and field athletes. Journal of Applied
Sport Psychology, 35(2), 284-306.
This study is a randomized controlled design that investigates the effectiveness of Mindful Sport
Performance Enhancement (MSPE) and Psychological Skills Training (PST) in collegiate track
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and field athletes. The subjects of the study were 24 athletes, both groups showed a positive
change in sport anxiety, enjoyment, and performance satisfaction. MSPE group indicated greater
changes in satisfaction with sport performance compared to PST. Further analysis of the
qualitative responses showed that both interventions were perceived to be positive for sport and
for everyday life, but differences between the two programs were observed. The findings of this
research demonstrate that mindfulness-based treatments and psychological skills training can
increase performance and well-being in sports.
13. Vveinhardt, J., & Kaspare, M. (2022). The relationship between mindfulness practices
and the psychological state and performance of Kyokushin karate athletes. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4001.
This research focuses on the effects that mindfulness exercises have on the psychological well-
being and productivity of the Kyokushin karate players. The study targeted 371 athletes and
employed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-15) and the Depression, Anxiety, and
Stress Scale (DASS-21). It was established that mindfulness practices led to reduction in stress
and enhancement of psychological well-being and sporting performance among athletes. The
study shows the effectiveness of mindfulness training for athletes and offers ideas on how to
implement it in training. This paper reviews the literature on the benefits of mindfulness practice
towards the psychological wellbeing and performance of athletes.
14. Jones, B. J., Kaur, S., Miller, M., & Spencer, R. M. (2020). Mindfulness-based stress
reduction benefits psychological well-being, sleep quality, and athletic performance in
female collegiate rowers. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 572980.
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The aim of this study is to investigate effects of MBSR on psychological well-being, sleep, and
performance of female college rowers. The findings indicated that the intervention group showed
improvement in self-esteem, sleep quality, and rowing performance as compared to the control
group. The study indicates that MBSR results in the positive changes in the non-quantifiable
aspects of sport performance since it helps athletes’ psychological health and their ability to cope
with stress. The present results of the study corroborate the suggestion to include mindfulness
training as part of the athletic experience. The emphasis of this research will be on the necessity
to incorporate mindfulness-based interventions in the student athletes.
15. Liang, D., Chen, S., Zhang, W., Xu, K., Li, Y., Li, D., … & Liu, C. (2021). Investigation
of a progressive relaxation training intervention on precompetition anxiety and sports
performance among collegiate student athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 617541.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of progressive relaxation training (PRT) on
pre competition stress and athletic performance among college student athletes. The
experimental group was administered PRT with an observed reduction of precompetition anxiety
and enhanced sports performance. By the use of PRT, the study demonstrates how the mental
state of athletes and their performance are enhanced under competition pressure. The study offers
practical implications for conducting relaxation training for athletes to become psychologically
ready and prepared for competitions. This study contributes to the growing literature on the use
of psychological interventions in sports for the purpose of improving performance.